The Culture of Critique

A People That Shall Dwell Alone Separation and Its Discontents The Culture of Critique Understanding Jewish Influence Can the Jewish Model Help the West Survive?
Author	Kevin B. MacDonald
Country	United States
Language	English
Genre	Psychology
Publisher	Praeger Publishing Washington Summit Publishers AuthorHouse
Published	1994–2004
Media type	Print (hardcover and paperback)

The Culture of Critique series is a trilogy of books by psychology professor Kevin B. MacDonald claiming that evolutionary psychology provides the motivations behind Jewish group behavior and culture, asserting Jewish behavior and culture are central causes of antisemitism and of alleged Jewish control and influence in government policy and political movements. While the first and second book received some positive reviews,^[1][2][3][4] later works have been mostly rejected and condemned by academics and journalists as being scientifically unsupportable, academically sloppy, and antisemitic.^{[5][6][7][8][9]}

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The trilogy includes:

• A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy, With Diaspora Peoples^[10]
• Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism^[11]
• The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements^[12]

• 1Series
• 2Criticism

Series[edit]

The first books constitute what is known as MacDonald's 'trilogy.' In this trilogy he describes Judaism as a 'group evolutionary strategy' to enhance the ability of Jews to out-compete non-Jews for resources. He argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits, including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior. MacDonald also notes a negative shift in tone from the first book to the third, and attributes it to having learned more, read more, and 'changed greatly' in that time. MacDonald's trilogy has been described as significant for 'its potential to forge a standardized anti-Semitic critique in the far right.'^[13]

The trilogy was followed by additional writings on the topic published by the Occidental Quarterly, a periodical MacDonald currently edits:

• Understanding Jewish Influence: A Study in Ethnic Activism^[14]
• Can the Jewish Model Help the West Survive?^[15]

A People that Shall Dwell Alone (1994)[edit]

MacDonald describes Judaism as having or being a 'group evolutionary strategy' aimed at limiting exogamy, enforcing cultural segregation, promoting in-group charity and economic cooperation, and regulating in-group marriage and births to achieve high levels of intelligence, ability to acquire resources, parenting care, and group allegiance. He examines evidence from Jewish history, culture, and genetics supporting his thesis, arguing that Judaism is based on a strong -- and possibly genetically based -- predisposition to ethnocentrism characteristic of Middle Eastern cultures generally but exacerbated as a result of selective effects resulting from Jewish cultural practices. He considers the use of the complex and extensive Jewish scriptures and the high prestige of Rabbinic learning as eugenic mechanisms for promoting Jewish verbal intelligence and dexterity.^{[citation needed][original research?]}

Separation and Its Discontents (1998)[edit]

Developing his work in A People that Shall Dwell Alone, MacDonald examines antisemitism as a test case for an evolutionary analysis of ethnic conflict in general, applying social identity theory to three critical periods of institutionalized antisemitism: the Roman Empire in the fourth century; the Iberian inquisitions from the fourteenth century; and German Nazism in the period 1933-45. He argues that antisemitism can be analysed as a consequence of resource competition between groups in which each group is rationally pursuing its own interests, rather than as a manifestation of irrational malice by non-Jewish out-groups, and asserts that Jews, particularly strongly identified Jews, will be relatively prone to self-deception by ignoring or rationalizing negative information about themselves and their in-group. Finally, he discusses whether Judaism has ceased to be an evolutionary strategy because of the current levels of intermarriage among some groups of diaspora Jews, arguing that it has not ceased to be so and that it continues to flourish.^{[citation needed][original research?]}

The Culture of Critique (1998)[edit]

MacDonald examines Boasian anthropology, political radicalism, psychoanalysis, the Frankfurt School, and The New York Intellectuals, arguing that Jews dominated these intellectual movements and that a strong sense of Jewish identity was characteristic of the great majority of the individuals in these movements. He argues that these individuals were pursuing a Jewish ethnic agenda in establishing and participating in these movements, while writing that the Jewish community does not constitute a unified movement and that only a small and elite minority of that community participated in these movements.^{[citation needed][original research?]}

He claims Jewish efforts to shape United States immigration policy were in opposition to what he sees as the interests of the peoples of non-Jewish European descent, particularly the peoples of Northern and Western Europe. He concludes the book by claiming that intellectual movements he examines are movements that are either 'Jewish' by nature or Jewish-controlled, with baleful results: 'the result has been a widening gulf between the cultural successes of Jews and Gentiles and a disaster for society as a whole.'^{[citation needed][original research?]}

Describing the evolution of his thinking over the course of his writing the trilogy, MacDonald says in his preface to the 2002 paperback edition of The Culture of Critique:

I think there is a noticeable shift in my tone from the first book to the third simply because (I'd like to think) I knew a lot more and had read a lot more. People often say after reading the first book that they think I really admire Jews, but they are unlikely to say that about the last two and especially about CofC. That is because by the time I wrote CofC I had changed greatly from the person who wrote the first book.^[16]

Understanding Jewish Influence (2004)[edit]

With introduction by white nationalist political writer Samuel T. Francis, Understanding Jewish Influence outlines what MacDonald claims are the 'background traits' of Jewish influence. To MacDonald these traits consist of:

• Hyper-ethnocentrism
• High verbal intelligence and consequent wealth
• Psychological intensity
• Social and political aggression

He goes on to assert the influence of these traits upon current events concerning Zionism, neoconservatism, immigration, and Middle Eastern warfare waged by Western powers.^{[citation needed][original research?]}

Criticism[edit]

The series has been widely criticized by academics and researchers as antisemitic and scientifically unsupportable.

Slate magazine carried an article by Judith Shulevitz, then Art and Entertainment editor of the Culturebox, entitled 'Evolutionary Psychology's Anti-Semite,' continuing the discussion followed by an attempted rebuttal by MacDonald. According to Shulevitz, MacDonald's arguments are prescriptive: 'Toward the end of the third book, MacDonald lays out his solution for restoring what he calls 'parity' between the Jews and other ethnic groups: systematic discrimination against Jews in college admission and employment and heavy taxation of Jews 'to counter the Jewish advantage in the possession of wealth'.^[17] MacDonald replied that in the actual passage from The Culture of Critique quoted by Shulevitz, he was speaking hypothetically of the consequences of competition between ethnic groups of differing abilities.^[18]Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center has said of MacDonald that 'he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work... Kevin MacDonald’s work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism. At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda... His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America.'^[7]

The Anti-Defamation League has included MacDonald in its list of American extremists, Extremism in America, and has written a report^[19] on his views and ties. According to the ADL, MacDonald's views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Academic response[edit]

In a letter to Slate magazine, Harvard University psychology professor Steven Pinker wrote:

MacDonald's ideas, as presented in summaries that would serve as a basis for further examination, do not pass that threshold, for many reasons:

1. By stating that Jews promulgate scientific hypotheses because they are Jewish, he is engaging in ad hominem argumentation that is outside the bounds of normal scientific discourse and an obvious waste of time to engage. MacDonald has already announced that I will reject his ideas because I am Jewish, so what's the point of replying to them?

2. MacDonald's main axioms – group selection of behavioral adaptations, and behaviorally relevant genetic cohesiveness of ethnic groups – are opposed by powerful bodies of data and theory, which Tooby, Cosmides, and many other evolutionary psychologists have written about in detail. Of course any assumption can be questioned, but there are no signs that MacDonald has taken on the burden of proof of showing that the majority view is wrong.

3. MacDonald's various theses, even if worthy of scientific debate individually, collectively add up to a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews, couched in value-laden, disparaging language. It is impossible to avoid the impression that this is not an ordinary scientific hypothesis.

4. The argument, as presented in the summaries, fails two basic tests of scientific credibility: a control group (in this case, other minority ethnic groups), and a comparison with alternative hypotheses (such as Thomas Sowell's convincing analysis of 'middlemen minorities' such as the Jews, presented in his magisterial study of migration, race, conquest, and culture).^[8]

Pinker closed by commenting that he had 'not plowed through MacDonald's trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments, and of not refuting them resoundingly enough'.^[8]

A paper by David Lieberman, a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University, alleges that MacDonald has distorted evidence and chosen evidence selectively for rhetorical purposes.^[20]

John Tooby, past president of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and a professor of anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, insists that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist, and that he advocates a generally discredited view of natural selection. Tooby, the founder of MacDonald's field of evolutionary psychology, criticized MacDonald in an article for the Salon website in 2000: 'MacDonald's ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field'.^[21]

Reviewing MacDonald's A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism as a Group Evolutionary Strategy in The Jewish Quarterly Review, Sander Gilman, professor of the Liberal Arts and Medicine at the University of Illinois at Chicago describes MacDonald's arguments about a Jewish group evolutionary strategy as 'bizarre'. According to Gilman, 'MacDonald recasts all of the hoary old myths about Jewish psychological difference and its presumed link to Jewish superior intelligence in contemporary sociobiological garb'. Gilman also charges that 'MacDonald manipulates his sources rather shamelessly', including Gilman's own work. Gilman concludes that MacDonald's book 'is the most recent chapter in the continued myth-building concerning Jewish superior intelligence and achievement. It is, like the numerous earlier works, of interest in how positive images turn into the means by which Jewish difference is stressed and Jewish acculturation is shown to be pathological'.^[9]

Reviewing Macdonald's A People That Shall Dwell Alone in the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Eugen Schoenfeld, Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Georgia State University, commented that 'the book is controversial, not only because of its theoretical approach, but also, and perhaps primarily, because of sloppy scholarship'. Schoenfeld writes that Macdonald 'selects historical incidents that can be used to support his thesis and conveniently omits others that challenge his thesis'. Schoenfeld points to what he sees as Macdonald's 'unfamiliarity with both the sociological frame of reference and historical knowledge', and as an example, notes that Macdonald's comparison of Jewish collectivism during the biblical period with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English individualism 'indicates a total ignorance of the impact of industrialization on Western societies'.^[5]

Reviewing Macdonald's Separation and Its Discontents in the American Jewish Society Review in 2000, Zev Garber, Professor of Jewish Studies at Los Angeles Valley College, wrote that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world and that he sees contemporary antisemitism, the Holocaust, and attacks against Israel as 'provoked by Jews themselves. In this scenario, Jews imagine themselves as innocent victims of hatred and violence.' Garber concludes that Macdonald's 'rambling who-is-who-isn't roundup of Jews responsible for the 'Jewish Problem' borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation'.^[22]

Daniel Kriegman, an evolutionary psychologist, produced a 50-page analysis criticizing MacDonald's work as 'pseudo-scientific theorizing', although it does not appear that he ever published it:^[23] he did send it to MacDonald, who has since responded.^[24] He wrote that MacDonald 'believes his own nonsense'. Kriegman remarked in an email, 'MacDonald is not the first person to avoid the narcissistic injury of having his ideas rejected by concluding that there was a conspiracy against him rather than becoming aware of the substandard nature [as evidenced in his trilogy] of his thinking.'^[25]

A history professor at MacDonald's university, Don Schwarz, called MacDonald's claims about Jewish history 'unsupportable'.^[21] Philosophy Professor Warren Weinstein said that MacDonald's work was not science at all, but 'something else, masquerading as science': and that 'It is in the great tradition of Nazi and Stalinist science which clearly and scientifically proved that their respective insanities were objectively true and defensible.'^[25]

Academic Jaff Schatz has accused MacDonald of misrepresenting and misusing his work.^[26]

John Hartung, the former associate editor of the Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology and an associate professor of anesthesiology at the State University of New York, said that MacDonald's The Culture of Critique was 'quite disturbing, seriously misinformed about evolutionary genetics, and suffering from a huge blind spot about the nature of Christianity'.^[25]

In a 2000 review in the journal Shofar, reviewer Jefferson A. Singer wrote that he considered the book to be 'written out of a deep and destructive hatred for Jews', and questioned the editorial policy of the books' publisher, Praeger, in 'bringing a book of such dubious scientific merit to a larger audience and in giving it an air of legitimacy it does not deserve'.^[27]

In March 2018, Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a critique of MacDonald's theory in the journal Human Nature where he concluded that MacDonald relied 'on systematically misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts'.^[28] The paper was popular, being downloaded more in a single month than the rest of the journal's articles typically get in a full year.^[29] Cofnas' article prompted a response defending MacDonald from Edward Dutton, a theologian and anthropologist at the University of Oulu. Dutton's response was rejected by Human Nature, and was instead published by Evolutionary Psychological Science. The attention prompted by Cofnas's paper was itself commented on. Anthropologist Robert Boyd of the Arizona State described the topic itself as 'totally toxic', Stephen Pinker described MacDonald's and Dutton's arguments as 'extraordinarily weak', while Aryeh Tuchman of the Anti-Defamation League said that the renewed attention falsely implied that MacDonald's antisemitic tropes have academic legitimacy.^[29]

Other responses have been favorable. Laurence Loeb of the University of Utah (writing for the Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review in 1997) called A People That Shall Dwell Alone a 'tour-de-force' and a 'watershed contribution to the understanding of Judaism and Jewish life' based on a 'cautious, careful assembling of evidence'.^[1] MacDonald's first books received some positive reviews from others including Hans Eysenck,^[2]John Hartung,^[3] and Roger D. Masters;^[4].

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abJewish Folklore and Ethnology Review, 19(1-2), 36-38, 1997.
2. ^ ^abPersonality and Individual Differences, 19(1), p. 121, 1995
3. ^ ^abEthology and Sociobiology, 16, pp. 335-342, 1995
4. ^ ^abPolitics and Life Sciences, 15, 355-358, 1996
5. ^ ^abEugen Schoenfeld. Review: A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism as a Group Evolutionary Strategy by Kevin MacDonald. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. Vol. 34, No. 3 (Sep., 1995):408-410.
6. ^MacDonald - Schatz: 2 of 3
7. ^ ^abCSULB Online 49er: volLIVno119: Academic dishonesty punished more leniently
8. ^ ^abcSlate Magazine Dialogue On: How To Deal With Fringe Academics
9. ^ ^abGilman, Sander L. (1995). 'Review of A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism as a Group Evolutionary Strategy'. The Jewish Quarterly Review. 86 (1/2): 198–201. doi:10.2307/1454833. JSTOR1454833.
10. ^MacDonald, K. B. A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy, With Diaspora Peoples, (Praeger 1994) ISBN0-595-22838-0
11. ^MacDonald, K. B. Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism, (Praeger 1998) ISBN0-275-94870-6
12. ^MacDonald, K. B. The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements, (Praeger 1998) ISBN0-275-96113-3 (Preface onlineArchived 2006-10-06 at the Wayback Machine)
13. ^George Michael, Professor Kevin MacDonald's critique of Judaism: legitimate scholarship or the intellectualization of anti-semitism?, Journal of Church and State September 22, 2006 [1]
14. ^MacDonald, K. B. Understanding Jewish Influence: A Study in Ethnic Activism, with an Introduction by Samuel T. Francis, (Occidental Quarterly November, 2004) ISBN1-59368-017-1Part1Archived 2008-01-03 at the Wayback MachinePart2Archived 2007-10-29 at the Wayback MachinePart3Archived 2008-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
15. ^TOQ-Kevin MacDonald-Model-Vol 4 No 4
16. ^preface to the paperback edition of The Culture of CritiqueArchived 2006-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
17. ^Evolutionary Psychology's Anti-Semite - Judith Shulevitz - Slate Magazine
18. ^quote
19. ^Kevin MacDonald, Extremism in America
20. ^MacDonald - Schatz: 1 of 3
21. ^ ^abBeirich, Heidi (Spring 2007). 'California State University, Long Beach Psychology Professor Kevin MacDonald Publishes Anti-Semitic Books'. Intelligence Report (125).
22. ^Seth Garber. Review: Separation and Its Discontents: Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism, Kevin MacDonald and Antisemitism. Bowerdean Briefings, Milton Shain. American Jewish Society Review. Vol. 25, No. 1. (2000 - 2001):159-161.
23. ^http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-antisemitism&month=0107&msg=2rbN3zTBC0rNfGaGv1FvAg
24. ^'Amherst-Talk'.
25. ^ ^abcHeidi Beirich: Promoting Hate - California Professor is Font of Anti-Semitism. Southern Poverty Law Center. Spring 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
26. ^David Lieberman: Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy: A Case Study of Kevin MacDonald's Research Techniques. H-Antisemitism: Occasional Papers. January 29, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
27. ^Jefferson A. Singer. Review of Separation and its discontents by Kevin McDonald. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 2000;Vol 19, Issue 2.
28. ^Cofnas, Nathan (2019-03-01). 'Is Kevin MacDonald's Theory of Judaism 'Plausible'? A Response to Dutton (2018)'. Evolutionary Psychological Science. 5 (1): 143–150. doi:10.1007/s40806-018-0162-8. ISSN2198-9885.
29. ^ ^abSchulson, Michael (June 27, 2018). 'Kevin MacDonald and the Elevation of Anti-Semitic Pseudoscience'. Undark. Retrieved June 7, 2019.

External links[edit]

• 'The Marx of the anti-Semites' – critical review by John Derbyshire in The American Conservative.
• 'The Conservatism of Fools' – MacDonald's reply to Derbyshire's review
• 'Jews Will Be Jews: A Scientific Racialism for the 21st Century' – critical review by David Isadore Lieberman.

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A Brief Empirical Introduction to the Four Fields of Anthropology Human Evolution and Culture presents the highlights of the popular Anthropology, 13th edition by the same author team. It provides students with an empirical introduction to the four fields of anthropology, and helps them understand humans in all their variety - and why such variety exists. Its four sections introduce students to 1) anthropology, 2) the biological and cultural evolution of humans, 3) cultural variation, and 4) how anthropology can be applied beyond academia. This new 7th edition places an increased emphasis on immigration, migration and globalization. Additionally, the size of the book (19 chapters) makes it useful for quarter courses, as well as for courses that encourage a lot of supplemental reading. Teaching and Learning Experience Personalize Learning - MyAnthroLab delivers proven results in helping students succeed, provides engaging experiences that personalize learning, and comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and a deep commitment to helping students and instructors achieve their goals. Improve Critical Thinking – Throughout each chapter in Human Evolution and Culture there are a number of critical thinking questions to encourage students to examine their assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, assess their conclusions, and more! Engage Students – Along with a detailed summary, each chapter ends with a listing of new terms that have been introduced; helping students to engage in major concepts and findings. Support Instructors - Teaching your course just got easier! You can create a Customized Text or use our Instructor's Manual, Electronic “MyTest” Test Bank or PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Additionally, the size of the book (19 chapters) makes it useful for quarter courses, as well as for courses that encourage a lot of supplemental reading. Note: MyAnthroLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MyAnthroLab, please visit www.MyAnthroLab.com or you can purchase a valuepack of the text + MyAnthroLab (VP ISBN-10: 0205201172, VP ISBN-13: 9780205201174)

Food And Love

Author :Jack Goody
ISBN :185984829X
Genre :Social Science
File Size : 49.5 MB
Format :PDF, ePub
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Anthropology The Human Challenge Pdf

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Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge 14th Edition Pdf Download Pc

Describes the evolution of cuisines from both the East and West, their influence on the rest of the world, and taboos associated with certain foods and drinks.

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